知識について
Nickel Sulfamate Solution: A Straightforward Look
Historical Development
Nickel sulfamate came about as industries looked for better plating results and less environmental burden versus old-school methods. Electroplating took center stage in the early twentieth century, but early nickel baths often made coatings that were brittle and sometimes patchy. With the discovery that nickel sulfamate could replace older salts, folks in the industry saw brighter, smoother layers and less stress in their coatings. These advantages pushed labs and factories to reach for sulfamate despite the costs, simply because production lines got faster and parts lasted longer. Platers in my town switched over in the 1970s, and even the old-timers agreed the results were worth the change. This transition led to plenty of backyard workshops and metallurgy classrooms swapping war stories about the headaches of earlier baths—especially when those baths ruined a week’s worth of work overnight. As word spread, textbooks started to list nickel sulfamate solution as the go-to for electrodeposits that could handle both heavy loads and fine machine parts.
Product Overview
People looking for this solution usually want something stable, pure, and ready for big batches. Manufacturers make it as a clear, greenish liquid. A good product will carry its label with pride, showing how pure the nickel source is, what other chemicals hide inside, and pointers on how to handle it day-to-day. Sometimes you will see catalogs using synonyms like “Nickel(II) Sulfamate Solution” or “Nickel Diaminosulfonate,” but old hands rarely bother with the fancy names. Instead, they focus on buying from trusted suppliers—the ones whose products don’t ruin parts during rush jobs. What makes the best stuff stand out is not just the nickel content but the way contaminants are managed since even minor slip-ups can spike the cost or compromise builds.
Physical & Chemical Properties
This solution looks almost colorless, sometimes taking on a slight green tint if left open to the air. Pour it out and you’ll notice it’s heavier than water, with a smell that’s hard to miss if you’ve worked in a plating shop. Its structure gives it a fairly high solubility for both nickel and the sulfamate portion. Chemically, it stands up quite well by not attacking steel tanks—unless someone lets the pH drift down or electrifies the whole mess too long. I worked in a shop where we tested its shelf life by leaving samples next to the heating unit over summer; it barely evaporated, and the metal content held steady right through the humidity swings. Stuff like this means a tank stays workable for months, as long as folks keep their eyes on it.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Labels for these solutions list nickel ion concentration, sulfamate ion levels, pH, and possible additives like anti-pit agents or brighteners. A typical solution runs at 100 to 130 grams per liter of nickel ions. For those who follow stricter codes or aerospace guidelines, manufacturers test for trace copper, iron, or even lead, usually pushing residuals below 5 parts per million. The pH falls near neutral, which keeps the process less risky than acidic baths. Real-world shops print batch numbers, expiration dates, and hazard symbols in plain sight right on the drum. Smaller shops sometimes double-check with a field test kit just to make sure the big companies didn’t cut corners. These specs help keep jobs consistent, since everyone on the line knows what to expect even if the worksite rotates staff or sources new chemicals mid-contract.
Preparation Method
Mixing up nickel sulfamate isn’t magic, but it needs steady hands. Most labs dissolve pure nickel carbonate or metal in sulfamic acid under steady stirring. Those who aren’t careful with the heat or acid levels end up with gunky mixtures or gas bubbles that spoil the batch. Bigger plants keep the whole process under airtight systems to guard against dust and spills; at home, folks wear old aprons and use glass rods to keep things from flying out. Sometimes, solution makers filter the result through fine paper or activated carbon to wring out every ounce of stray grit. I’ve watched impatient workers ruin hundreds of dollars' worth by skipping slow cooling or tossing in water too quickly. Most solutions follow standard recipes, but the best labs cut corners nowhere—they sample as they go and test pH up to the last drop.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Nickel sulfamate stands up under ordinary storage, yet it reacts quickly enough on the job to allow dense, bright nickel coats. Its chemistry lets it release nickel ions smoothly under an electric current. In my time at the plating shop, folks messed around with additions like boric acid to keep the pH steady and brighteners to reduce surface flaws. Changing the bath, even by milliliters, shifts hardness or shine in wild ways; too much brightener and your deposit gets brittle, not enough and the finish looks dull. Some R&D outfits test out organic acid tweaks and chelating agents, hoping to push boundary limits for aerospace components or medical gear. If you blow the proportions or mix in unintended ions, plating quality drops fast and tanks need dumping—nobody wants that cash drain.
Synonyms & Product Names
Names for this product fill old textbooks and new patents alike. Nickel(II) sulfamate dihydrate pops up as a mouthful of a name, while industry folks stick to “sulfamate nickel solution” or simply “plating bath.” When ordering supplies, people sometimes meet labels with extra terms like “electroplating grade” or “high purity.” I’ve watched a few engineers mix up “nickel ammonium sulfate” with “nickel sulfamate”—that confusion never goes well, since they don’t work the same for precision plating jobs. Over the decades, regional slang and trade short-cuts have carved their space: some just call it “the green liquid” or use product codes from favorite vendors. In a pinch, these labels steer clear of technical jargon, so shop workers can call up the right stuff before a shift ends.
Safety & Operational Standards
Nickel sulfamate needs respect in the shop. Even tiny leaks or mixes with strong acids can burn skin fast and irritate eyes with just a splash. All crews dealing with corrosion prevention or plating learn to wear gloves, acid-proof aprons, and goggles. Local regulations set storage rules: tanks need locking lids, drips drain into holding pans, and air movement keeps fumes from collecting in corners. In firms I’ve seen, lost time injuries often traced back to staff skipping routine checks—one minute without goggles can mean days lost to doctor visits. New staff run safety drills before they touch the solution. Waste disposal gets special treatment too: no pouring down the drain, only sealed barrels for approved pick-up teams. Good standards have saved both people and the land around plating shops, especially as environmental rules tightened worldwide.
Application Area
Plated parts have rolled out of factories for nearly a century, touching industries from electronics to automotive, power generation, and even jewelry. Nickel sulfamate solutions get top billing in demanding builds like turbine blades, fuel cell grids, and dental tools, where smoothness and toughness make or break performance. I’ve watched seasoned machinists demand these coatings for die repair, since nothing else fends off abrasion as well or holds up to years of friction. Hobbyists use it too, electroforming detailed sculptures and old coins with surprising skill in backyard setups. Some additive manufacturing lines dip into these solutions, giving 3D printed objects strength and shine robotic printing alone can’t match. Large facilities keep multiple tanks running, changing solution strengths to plate thick layers or tight corners fast.
Research & Development
Labs keep pushing for better solutions, hoping for safer, greener, or more controllable options. Some teams dig into low-free cyanide alternatives, testing out ways to recycle spent baths or lower operating temps. Last year, a research group in Germany reported tweaks to additives that cut internal stress in plated nickel by six percent—a win for delicate components facing shock or vibration. Materials scientists experiment with nano-dispersed particles added to the bath, hoping to grant plated layers extra abrasion resistance or new magnetic features. In my last workplace, engineers ran split-batch trials, tracking micro-cracks in hundreds of test coupons to see which tweaks worked; small changes often led to big surprises. R&D in this area means more than publishing papers—it saves companies piles of cash by extending tank life, cutting downtime, and reducing defects as volumes scale up.
Toxicity Research
Safety studies around nickel sulfamate stretch back decades as regulators and epidemiologists looked for health impacts in workers. Chronic exposure to nickel ions links to skin allergy, asthma-like symptoms, and—at high doses—cancer. In factories near my childhood home, old-timers wore nickel skin patches for tests, tracking rashes and breathing complaints through annual doctor visits. Current research fights to lower permissible exposure limits, exploring ways to trap or neutralize aerosols before workers breathe them. Labs look at water tables under facility grounds, making sure the solution’s metal content does not leak into drinking supplies. Scientific journals have published long lists of metrics, including blood nickel levels and skin response surveys, as a backup in legal claims or regulatory filings. Big buyers now ask for traceability data on every drum, wanting assurance that safety crosses from the factory floor out to the surrounding community.
Future Prospects
Nickel sulfamate faces both pressure and opportunity in the years ahead. Green manufacturing pushes will keep forcing chemical plants to cut down on emissions and nickel waste. Substitute chemistries are popping up, but none have quite chased sulfamate away in precision-heavy jobs. Engineers work on reusing rinse water, automating tanks with sensors that track purity in real time, and blending recycled metals into bath makeups. In conversations at industry expos, companies talk up their new eco-credentials—using compact filter systems, or running pilot lines on solar. As more products demand dense, crack-free nickel films, whether for batteries, semiconductors, or hard-wearing gears, nickel sulfamate keeps earning its keep. The labs and workplaces that push careful handling and cleaner processing will set the pace, turning out safer solutions that last for years and meet the next round of industrial hurdles head-on.
The Backbone of Precision Plating
Nickel sulfamate solution shows up a lot in manufacturing plants. People rely on it for nickel electroplating, a process that puts pure, ductile nickel onto a surface. In my years walking factory floors and listening to stories from metal finishers, this solution pops up wherever you see electronics, aerospace parts, or heavy-duty engineering tools. Folks need finishes that can handle friction, wear, and even the occasional chemical spill, and nickel from sulfamate baths does the job better than most other plating techniques.
Electronics and High-Tech Uses
Electronics run on precision. Minute connectors, computer hard drive disks, and certain smartphone parts often demand a nickel layer that is both flexible and consistent in thickness. Nickel sulfamate brings that to the table. Its chemistry delivers smooth, low-stress coatings, allowing parts to bend without cracking or peeling. In my experience, tech companies can't afford short-lived connections. Devices only hold up if the metals inside resist corrosion and transmit signals cleanly—exactly where this solution shines. Purity matters: cheaper nickel solutions tend to leave brittle, unreliable layers that can't handle daily use.
Aerospace and Heavy Machinery Applications
Turbine blades, jet engine casings, and hydraulic pistons need a tough skin. Nickel from sulfamate solution builds that skin, bonding tightly to specialty alloys and giving a real barrier against wear and high temperatures. During a factory tour at a Midwest aerospace shop, I recall the pride engineers took in their plate's flawless finish. They explained how their nickel baths gave them better control over coating thickness, which kept their turbines working longer and made inspections less frequent. The attention to this detail often makes the difference between an affordable repair and a disastrous failure.
Medical and Scientific Tools
Doctors and scientists put medical tools and lab equipment through harsh sterilization and chemical exposures day after day. Nickel sulfamate makes it easier for these tools to last through repeated cleaning. Syringes, surgical blades, and even certain dental tools get an added layer of defense thanks to this type of nickel plating. From my research, hospitals value tools that need less frequent replacement—every new batch costs time and money, so longevity improves outcomes for both staff and patients. Factories offer certification that the nickel plating meets strict standards, giving customers peace of mind.
Challenges and Safer Solutions
While nickel sulfamate solution helps make things stronger, it's not exactly friendly to the environment or to workers. Handling nickel means managing exposure risks, including skin allergies and potential breathing problems. Industrial wastewater, if not carefully treated, can carry nickel into the water table, poisoning wildlife and spreading health issues. In conversations with plating experts, they often mention switching to closed-loop recycling for nickel waste and investing in better fume ventilation. Some research teams focus on alternative chemistries or biodegradable baths, but those haven’t yet matched the performance and reliability that sulfamate brings. Until then, companies need tough policies, worker training, and regular monitoring to keep safety at the forefront. Modern manufacturing faces a balancing act: leveraging the strengths of nickel sulfamate solution while protecting both people and the planet from unnecessary harm.
Getting Storage Right Matters
Nickel sulfamate solution supports a range of industries—especially electroplating—thanks to its low-stress deposits and bright, durable finish. Folks working with it know this stuff packs plenty of punch when handled right, but can also bring some tough headaches if storage goes sideways. Safety is part science, part common sense, especially if you’ve ever known anyone with workplace experience around unstable chemicals.
Nickel Sulfamate Can Bite Back
This solution carries risks for your lungs, skin, and the environment. I remember a friend from my early years working in a plating shop who ended his shift with rashes because he forgot gloves one day—hard lesson learned. Even just a small spill left untouched pitted a concrete floor, and clean-up was no fun. Nickel compounds are also known carcinogens. Research from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) warns about chronic exposure. These are not just tidbits for the fine print; these are facts that shape how anyone should treat this chemical.
If a container ruptures or leaks, nickel ions seep into drains or soil, creating long-term environmental problems. Regulatory agencies track these leaks tightly. Neighborhoods near old plating plants know this isn’t theoretical: soil and water cleanup takes years and lots of tax dollars.
No Compromise on Containers and Environment
Storing nickel sulfamate means picking containers that don’t corrode or leach anything unexpected into the liquid. High-density polyethylene and polypropylene work, but old steel or metal gear gives trouble. Polyethylene’s resistance to aggressive solutions isn’t just a material spec—it gives workers peace of mind after years of handling drums with brittle lids.
Drums or tanks need to stay closed when not in use. Avoiding sunlight helps, since heat raises internal pressure and nudges chemical stability in the wrong direction. Most guys on the ground know the temptation of stacking containers for space, but one hard nudge from a pallet jack and it becomes a spill response, not a storage issue.
Labels and Legal Requirements
Unmarked containers turn even an organized workshop into a potential disaster zone. Proper labeling isn’t just a box to tick off for OSHA inspectors; it’s the fastest way to keep shifts safe, especially when new team members join. Labeling should state exact contents, concentration, and hazard warnings. Safety data sheets (SDS) need clear, accessible storage—not buried in a drawer no one checks.
Keep the Room Right
Ventilation isn’t a luxury. Breathing in nickel mist or vapor is a shortcut to lung problems. Simple exhaust fan setups, checked and cleaned, go a long way. Pouring or transferring the solution should happen on spill trays, because even careful hands aren’t perfect. Once, I saw a seasoned technologist praise built-in containment dikes—they save more time, money, and headaches than anyone expects starting out.
Checkups and Planning for Trouble
Inspections catch what complacency misses. Regular checks for leaks, cracks, or buildup keep small problems from eating up the safety budget. That means a checklist, not just glancing over drums on the way to lunch. Training matters, too—simple drills for responding to a breach mean nobody scrambles if trouble hits.
Good storage isn’t just following a rulebook; it’s informed respect for the risks and a routine that keeps people and places protected for the long haul.
Why Lab Results Matter
Laboratories test for nickel levels in solutions for some important reasons. Take it from someone who's spent some afternoons in the chemistry lab, watching clear liquids turn green with just a few drops of dimethylglyoxime. Nickel can bring promise or harm, depending on how much shows up in the water you test. A low reading might mean the plating bath won't coat machine parts well. Too much nickel, and a wastewater discharge permit might get revoked.
Nickel’s Use and Risk
Nickel’s everywhere these days, showing up in stainless steel, batteries, and even some coins. Industry sources say that just over two million tons move each year worldwide, and manufacturers rely on accurate solution measurements for all sorts of processes. At the same time, regulatory standards for water and soil are strict because nickel in the environment can trigger allergic reactions or long-term health risks.
A 2021 World Health Organization report points out that safe drinking water should keep nickel at or below 0.07 mg/L. If engineers or techs don’t know if their solutions hit this mark, big problems can sneak up quickly. High nickel results in factories or wastewater outfalls push organizations into fines, clean-ups, or lawsuits.
How Measurements Get Made
Testing usually means using atomic absorption spectrometry or ICP (inductively coupled plasma), both solid and precise methods. Calibration takes a steady hand and well-prepared standards. Poor pipetting skills or dirty glassware can push numbers so far off target that the results become useless. I've seen it happen more than once — the only thing you can do is run the test again, wasting precious lab time and resources.
The Costs of Getting Nickel Wrong
Factories that reuse plating solutions rely on tight nickel checks so parts look right and last. Mess up the analysis and a plant might roll out weeks of corroded bolts or stained hardware. That’s real money lost, and the company’s reputation follows it out the door. Environmental officers know this, so they often require daily data uploads or on-site nickel meters for discharge water.
What Can Make Results Better
Few labs run smoothly with outdated equipment or poorly trained staff. Quality control depends heavily on keeping reference materials fresh, retraining people to spot early warning signs of error, and double-checking that everyone follows the written procedure. A well-run lab even holds surprise audits or blind samples—nobody likes them, but they catch mistakes that regular work might miss.
Labs also have a budget reality: running samples gets expensive, especially for small businesses. Partnering with local universities, sharing instrumentation time, or adopting portable testing kits gives more companies the chance to track nickel accurately. It takes energy to keep improving, but staying on top of nickel numbers protects people and keeps industries legal.
Everyday Exposure in the Workplace
Walk into a plating shop or manufacturing line, and odds are someone’s working with nickel sulfamate solution. This greenish liquid plays a huge role in electroplating processes, especially where tough, high-quality nickel coatings matter. I once toured a plant where operators handled vats of this stuff while prepping metal parts. Workers wore thick gloves and face protection, not for show, but because skin contact stings and fumes aren’t just an unpleasant smell—there’s a real threat to breathing them in.
The Health Concerns Stemming from Nickel Compounds
Nickel itself has a well-documented health record. Repeated contact causes skin problems like dermatitis, particularly for those with sensitive skin. That itch turns into blisters for some folks. Scientific groups, including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), classify certain nickel compounds as carcinogenic. Even if nickel sulfamate doesn’t top the list, the science still points to serious long-term consequences once small particles linger in the air or settle on hands and faces.
Inhaling dust, mist, or even vapors leads to coughing, shortness of breath, and over the years, some people develop a type of asthma that’s tough to control. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sets stringent limits: the recommended exposure goal sticks to 0.015 milligrams per cubic meter. Out in the field, I've inspected old ductwork caked with nickel crystals, reminding everyone that slack air quality controls have a lasting impact.
What Science Says About Chronic Effects
Stories from seasoned workers tell more than statistics. Headaches, chronic sinus issues, sore throats—they turn up far too often for comfort among those handling nickel plating for decades. Doctors sometimes discover more serious outcomes: nosebleeds, lung fibrosis, even cancer with enough exposure. It’s not about a one-time splash, but the steady, silent load adding up every year. Academic studies support this, linking chronic exposure to both lung and nasal cancers.
Nickel sulfamate solutions often cause confusion compared to other nickel salts, but the overall message holds. All soluble nickel forms can trigger similar symptoms. Where research documents slightly lower risk, the evidence still leaves no room for complacency.
Fixing the Problem at the Source
I’ve seen companies make big changes after health audits. Simple steps go a long way: install exhaust fans over plating tanks, run regular air quality checks, and train employees to identify early warning signs. Hand washing stations placed near work areas reduce accidental ingestion or skin contact. Personal protective equipment makes a difference, but engineering out hazards always beats relying on gloves alone.
Switching to less hazardous alternatives or closed-loop systems can shrink risks further. Some companies buy newer equipment designed to capture and recycle fumes, benefiting both health and the environment. For smaller operations, even redesigning workflows—like bottling solutions in small quantities or using safer containers—helps reduce spills and splashes.
Why This Matters
People tend to underestimate slow-building hazards. The symptoms might not show up for years. But by respecting the real-world risks of nickel sulfamate solution, industry decision-makers protect the workers who keep factories running and shield future generations from problems few see coming. A commitment to transparency about hazards, investing in safer practices, and ongoing worker training leads to a healthier, more responsible workplace.
Why Safety Gear Matters More Than You Think
A lot of accidents happen in workshops and science labs just because people skip simple steps. Some see gloves and goggles as a hassle, but they’re basics for a reason. Even with years working in labs, I’ve seen folks get splashed with acids or solvents—they always regret trusting old habits over safety gear. Covering hands, eyes, and skin blocks countless problems before they start. Long sleeves, gloves, and proper footwear aren’t a bonus. They’re as important as using the right tool for the job.
Ventilation Makes All the Difference
If you’ve ever opened a bottle of strong cleaner or solvent and felt your nose sting, you already know why fresh air keeps you safe. Fumes sneak up fast, especially indoors. Years ago, I watched a project take a bad turn in a small room without good ventilation—two people got dizzy and scared because the air wasn’t clear enough. Cracking windows or turning on a fan sometimes falls short. A fume hood or extractor makes a real difference when working with anything that smells harsh or has warnings on the label. Breathing should never feel risky at work or home.
Label Reading Isn’t Optional
Every bottle, even the little ones, carries a label for a reason. Someone in the supply chain has already spotted the dangers and listed them out. I’ve seen people take out what looked like a mild cleaner, only to end up with chemical burns. Most mistakes could be avoided if the instructions and warnings were respected. Facts matter; these labels aren’t just legal fine print. They tell you if a chemical can produce dangerous reactions, needs dilution, or can’t touch bare skin. Checking the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) adds more detail and should be a habit, not an afterthought.
Keep Gear and Product Away From Food and Drink
Lunch sitting next to handy wipes or open chemicals can turn a break into a medical emergency. The rule is simple: never bring snacks or water near your workbench. Most poisonings I’ve witnessed resulted from cross-contamination, where folks forgot their gloves or wiped their hands on their jeans before picking up a sandwich. Storing chemicals separately from food items is non-negotiable. Better safe than sick—there’s no workaround.
Ordering and Storing Chemicals the Right Way
Shelves sagging with random bottles are asking for trouble. Proper storage means separating acids, bases, and flammables so nothing reacts by accident. Even household projects can turn risky when bleach and ammonia share a closet. Personal experience taught me that runaway reactions leave lasting scars and costly repairs. Fire-resistant cabinets for flammables and plastic bins for corrosives will save a world of stress down the road.
Clean-Up and Disposal Count, Too
Spills don’t clean themselves. Quick action with absorbent materials, not old towels or newspaper, limits exposure and prevents accidents from spreading. The local recycling center or hazardous waste facility can handle leftover chemicals safely. Pouring anything down the drain spreads risk to pipes, water supplies, and eventually, someone else’s kitchen faucet. When rules seem restrictive, it usually means there’s a backstory with an ugly ending.
Staying Prepared for Emergencies
Small things like an eyewash station, a first aid kit, or even knowing where to find fresh water can be lifesavers. I keep emergency numbers taped right near my usual work area, just in case something goes sideways. Fast reactions matter most in the first few minutes, before help arrives. Telling coworkers or family what you’re working with gives everyone a chance to pitch in safely if things go wrong.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Nickel bis(sulfamate)(2−) solution |
| Other names |
Nickel Sulfamate Plating Solution
Nickel Sulfamate Electrolyte Nickel (II) sulfamate solution Nickel sulfamate bath |
| Pronunciation | /ˈnɪkəl ˈsʌlfəˌmeɪt səˈluːʃən/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 13870-89-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 4221310 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:78033 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL4298761 |
| ChemSpider | 157436 |
| DrugBank | DB14645 |
| ECHA InfoCard | EC Number 232-104-9 |
| EC Number | 232-104-9 |
| Gmelin Reference | 106832 |
| KEGG | C18698 |
| MeSH | D009589 |
| PubChem CID | 129701510 |
| RTECS number | WA2625000 |
| UNII | GR857U516A |
| UN number | UN3082 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Ni(SO3NH2)2 |
| Molar mass | 250.86 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear green liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.30 – 1.35 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | -1.26 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | > 3.5 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.76 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | +5220e-6 (cgs) |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.43 |
| Viscosity | 5–10 cP |
| Dipole moment | 0 D |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | V03AB35 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. May cause an allergic skin reaction. Suspected of causing cancer. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS06, GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H317, H351, H372 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P362+P364, P405, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-0-0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat: 275 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral, rat: 275 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | WA1730000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 1 mg/m3 |
| REL (Recommended) | REL (Recommended): 0.1 mg Ni/m3 TWA (as Ni) |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 10 mg Ni/m3 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Nickel sulfate
Nickel chloride Nickel acetate Nickel carbonate Nickel nitrate Nickel sulfamate solid Nickel hydroxide |
